Pyridoxine-Dependent Epilepsy

A 2-day-old male neonate became increasingly irritable and developed repetitive twitching in the eyelids, face, and limbs around 24 h of life. He was the full-term product of nonconsanguineous parents following a normal pregnancy and uneventful spontaneous vaginal delivery. Investigations for infectious etiologies including blood and urine cultures as well as cerebrospinal fl uid analysis were unrevealing. An MRI of the brain was normal. Prolonged video EEG demonstrated voltage suppression of the background activity. Irritability and recurrent irregular lighteninglike jerks became noted several hours after birth that were associated with electrographic bursts of high-voltage epileptiform discharges on the EEG suggesting myoclonic seizures (Fig. 2.1 ). Myoclonic seizures remained refractory to conventional antiseizure drugs (ASDs). Pyridoxine 100 mg IV resulted in almost immediate cessation of his myoclonic seizures. In addition, gradual return of continuous EEG background activity was noted. Extensive investigations to fi nd metabolism inborn error or genetic etiologies later revealed an elevated plasma pipecolic acid level and an elevated urinary α-aminoadipic semialdehyde level that supported a diagnosis of pyridoxine-dependent epilepsy.